Botany 359- Correlation of taxa with substrates
ASCOMYCOTA
ARCHIASCOMYCETES
SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCATALES: on surfaces of plant organs, particularly fruits; visible in culture only; detectable by odor
TAPHRINALES: causes leaf curl and disfiguration of fruits; found in our area on willow trees, alder trees, various fruit trees; alder catkins; peach mummies.
SACCHAROMYCETALES: sames as shizosaccharomycetales above on plant surfaces; sugary plant exudates
FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES
Plectomycetes:
EUROTIALES: in nature produced by species of soil fungi; also often found on decaying plant material, particularly in your refrigerator
ONYGENALES: on bones and feathers; typically on deer or cow bones and on the remains of owl pellets; see Table 11-3, pg. 300 for specific locations.
pyrenomycetes: perithecium; hymenium typically present
SORDARIALES:
Chaetomiaceae: on paper products
Sordariaceae: most typically on dung of herbivorous animals
XYLARIALES
Xylariaceae: very common in nature; on twigs, branches, and tree trunks of conifers and hardwoods.
Diatrypaceae: on decorticated wood of hardwoods; on branches and twigs of hardwoods.
Clavicipitaceae: endophytes of various plant species; found in grasses producing scleotia that replace the fruits of grasses; on hypogeous fruiting bodies of fungi; on insect larvae.
microascales and ophiostomatales: long-beaked perithecium; hymenium absent; prototunicae ascus: virulent plant parasites; dutch elm disease; black staining root disease of conifers, particularly douglas fir
HYPOCREALES. ascus unitunicate, inamyloid; stroma or subiculum +; Perithecia are light colored; on decorticated wood; on cones; on bark; parasite of other fungi; on fruiting bodies of polypores, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes.
inoperculate discomycetes: see chart on pg. 377 for major life forms of discomycetes; typically endophytes, plant parasites, on or in lichens, mycorrhizae (rare), saprobes or biotrophs; one of the most common fungi in any ecosystem; produces small apothecium on live and dead plant materials; on soil, on wood, in slow moving streams.
Helotiales:
Hyaloscyphaceae: see comments on inoperculate discomycetes
Helotiaceae: see comments on inoperculate discomycetes
Dermataceae: see comments on inoperculate discomycetes; species of Atropellis causes cankers of conifer stems and leaves.
Geoglossaceae. Terrestrial and either saprobic or mycorrhizal; earth tongues and relatives.
Sclerotiniaceae. Often produces apothecia from sclerotium; sclerotia found in slow-moving streasm.
Apothecia single or in a stroma; ascocarp with black walls, often the ascocarp is called a hysterothecium. Ascus inoperculate, unitunicate, and inamyloid.
Rhytismataceae. with a well developed stromata; common causes tar spots of maple leaves.
Hypodermataceae. Typically on On conifer needles and cones..
operculate discomycetes: produce the obvious sporocarps; most typically terrestrial or on plant surfaces; many are considered mycorrhizal; often invade burned areas; on dung; on paper products; on substrates soaked with urine.
PEZIZALES:
Pezizaceae:
Humariaceae:
Otideaceae:
Helvellaceae: contains the false morels
Morchellaceae: morels.
Sarcoscyphaceae: often on wood produces.
Tuberaceae: typically hypogeous and a major group of mycorrhizal forming fungi.
loculoascomycetes: very common, saprobic or parasitic; typically on hardwoods; rarely on conifers; often found in or on lichens; also often endophytes; some are animal pathogens.
PLEOSPORALES. See comments under loculoascomycetes; many of the common genera causes diseases of plants.
erysiphales: obligate biotrophs of plants and are called powdery mildews; causes mildew (layer of fungus hyphae and spore structures on plant surfaces); when conditions are correct, can form huge numbers of sporocarps on leaves (eg. Willow and Howthorne)